Dual Citizenship Policy by Country

Whether a country permits its citizens to hold a second nationality is a hard structural constraint on long-term relocation planning. This matrix covers all 86 countries on the site — 60 where dual citizenship is generally permitted, 7 where it is conditional (natural-born only, treaty-country only, or situation-dependent), and 19 where it is not allowed.

Last reviewed: 2026-05-09. Citizenship policy changes periodically — Germany's June 2024 reform and the UAE's 2021 amendment are recent examples. Verify with the relevant consulate before acting.

Dual / multiple citizenship policy by country, with allowed / conditional / not-allowed status
Country	Policy	Notes
Albania	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Antigua and Barbuda	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Argentina	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Australia	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Belgium	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Brazil	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Bulgaria	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Cambodia	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Canada	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Colombia	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Costa Rica	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Croatia	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Czech Republic	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Denmark	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Dominica	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Egypt	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Finland	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
France	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Georgia	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Germany	Allowed	Reform of June 2024 (StARModG) eliminated the historic prohibition. From 27 June 2024, all naturalising Germans may keep their original citizenship and Germans acquiring foreign citizenship no longer lose German citizenship automatically.
Greece	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Grenada	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Hong Kong	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Hungary	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Iceland	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Ireland	Allowed	Fully permitted. Children born to Irish-born grandparents (Foreign Births Register) automatically qualify regardless of other nationalities held.
Israel	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Italy	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Kenya	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Luxembourg	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Malta	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Mauritius	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Mauritius	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Mexico	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Morocco	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
New Zealand	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Nigeria	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
North Macedonia	Allowed	Allowed since 2004 reform.
Norway	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Pakistan	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Panama	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Philippines	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Poland	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Portugal	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Romania	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
San Marino	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Serbia	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Slovakia	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Slovenia	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
South Africa	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Sri Lanka	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
St Kitts and Nevis	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
St Lucia	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Sweden	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Switzerland	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Turkey	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
United Kingdom	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
United States	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Vanuatu	Allowed	Dual / multiple citizenship is generally permitted.
Estonia	Conditional	Permitted for natural-born Estonians (cannot be deprived). Naturalising foreigners must renounce; enforcement varies.
Lithuania	Conditional	Constitutional restriction — generally allowed only for descent-based citizenship. Constitutional referendum to expand has failed multiple times due to turnout requirements.
Netherlands	Conditional	Generally requires renunciation at naturalisation, but with broad exceptions: spouses of Dutch citizens, refugees, and citizens of countries with treaty-based dual-citizenship (e.g. UK, US after recent reforms). The 2024 Multiple Nationalities Act expanded permitted exemptions for emigrants.
South Korea	Conditional	Generally not allowed for naturalising foreigners (must renounce). Natural-born Koreans with dual citizenship (e.g. via foreign-born descent) can retain dual until age 22, then must elect — except for those who pledge not to exercise the foreign citizenship in Korea.
Spain	Conditional	Allowed for natural-born Spaniards and for nationals of Iberoamerican countries (Latin America, Andorra, Equatorial Guinea, Philippines, Portugal). Other naturalising foreigners must renounce — though enforcement is not always strict in practice.
Thailand	Conditional	Officially permits dual citizenship for natural-born Thais. Naturalising foreigners must renounce, but enforcement is loose. Thais holding dual citizenship cannot vote, hold political office, or work for the state.
United Arab Emirates	Conditional	Constitutional amendment of 2021 permits some Emiratis (entrepreneurs, scientists, talented professionals, etc.) to acquire selected second citizenships with Cabinet approval. Other Emiratis face automatic loss on foreign acquisition.
Andorra	Not allowed	Dual citizenship not allowed — naturalising foreigners typically required to renounce prior citizenship.
Austria	Not allowed	Dual citizenship is exceptional — only granted for natural-born Austrians abroad and special-cases (descendants of Holocaust victims via §58c since 2020). Naturalising foreigners must renounce.
Bahrain	Not allowed	Dual citizenship not allowed — naturalising foreigners typically required to renounce prior citizenship.
China	Not allowed	Article 9 of the Nationality Law: Chinese citizens acquiring foreign citizenship lose Chinese citizenship automatically. Rigorously enforced; HK and Macau permanent residents have separate status.
India	Not allowed	Constitution explicitly prohibits dual citizenship. The OCI (Overseas Citizen of India) status is a long-term visa, not citizenship. Indian citizens acquiring foreign citizenship lose Indian citizenship automatically.
Indonesia	Not allowed	Dual citizenship not allowed — naturalising foreigners typically required to renounce prior citizenship.
Japan	Not allowed	Article 14 of the Nationality Act requires choice of nationality before age 22 (or within 2 years of acquiring second). Japanese acquiring foreign citizenship lose Japanese citizenship automatically. Enforcement of the choice rule has historically been lax but appears to have tightened in recent years.
Jordan	Not allowed	Dual citizenship not allowed — naturalising foreigners typically required to renounce prior citizenship.
Kuwait	Not allowed	Article 8 of Nationality Law: Kuwaitis acquiring foreign citizenship without prior authorisation lose Kuwaiti citizenship.
Liechtenstein	Not allowed	Dual citizenship not allowed — naturalising foreigners typically required to renounce prior citizenship.
Malaysia	Not allowed	Section 24 of the Constitution: Malaysians acquiring foreign citizenship lose Malaysian citizenship automatically.
Montenegro	Not allowed	Dual citizenship not allowed — naturalising foreigners typically required to renounce prior citizenship.
Oman	Not allowed	Dual citizenship not allowed — naturalising foreigners typically required to renounce prior citizenship.
Qatar	Not allowed	Dual citizenship not allowed — naturalising foreigners typically required to renounce prior citizenship.
Russia	Not allowed	Dual citizenship not allowed — naturalising foreigners typically required to renounce prior citizenship.
Saudi Arabia	Not allowed	Saudi citizens cannot hold a second nationality without prior Royal authorisation (rarely granted). Enforcement varies; expatriate Saudis often hold de facto second citizenship.
Singapore	Not allowed	Singapore citizens acquiring foreign citizenship lose Singapore citizenship automatically. Children born with dual citizenship must elect by age 22.
Taiwan	Not allowed	Dual citizenship not allowed — naturalising foreigners typically required to renounce prior citizenship.
Vietnam	Not allowed	Dual citizenship not allowed — naturalising foreigners typically required to renounce prior citizenship.

Reading this matrix

Allowed means the country generally permits its citizens (natural-born and naturalised) to hold a second nationality without losing their first.
Conditional covers a wide spectrum: treaty-country-only allowance (Spain), natural-born-only allowance (Lithuania), declaration-of-intent rules (South Korea), or situation-dependent acceptance (Cabinet approval in the UAE).
Not allowed jurisdictions automatically strip citizenship on acquisition of a foreign nationality (China, Singapore) or formally require renunciation at naturalisation (India, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Japan). Enforcement varies — Thailand and South Korea are notably lax in practice despite formal restrictions.
Recent reforms.Germany's June 2024 StARModG ended a long-standing prohibition. The UAE's 2021 amendment created a discretionary route. Sweden allows dual since 2001, Denmark since 2015. The trend is toward permission, not restriction.
OCI ≠ citizenship.India's OCI (Overseas Citizen of India) is a multi-year visa-style status — not citizenship. Holders are not permitted to vote, hold elected office, or take certain government jobs.