Mongolia

Mongolia is a vast, sparsely populated landlocked nation wedged between Russia and China in the heart of Central and East Asia. Ulaanbaatar, home to nearly half the population, is the political, cultural, and economic hub. The economy is heavily reliant on mining — particularly coal, copper, and gold — alongside traditional nomadic livestock herding that still defines rural life across the steppe and Gobi Desert. Mongolia transitioned to democracy in 1990 and maintains a parliamentary system. Dual citizenship is not permitted. Long-term residency for foreigners is possible through employment or investment, but pathways are limited. Personal income tax is a flat 10%, and the tax system is residence-based. Rapid urbanisation and a growing middle class are reshaping Ulaanbaatar, though air pollution in winter remains a serious public health concern.