Eritrea

Eritrea is a single-party state on the Horn of Africa with one of the world's most restrictive governance environments. The government requires citizens living abroad to pay a 2% diaspora tax on foreign income or face consequences for relatives inside the country. Dual citizenship is not permitted, and the Eritrean passport offers limited travel access—around 42 destinations visa-free or on arrival. No formal foreign-resident or investor visa programmes exist; tourist visas require a government-issued letter of invitation. Emigration is tightly controlled, and unlawful departure carries criminal penalties. Naturalisation is theoretically possible after ten years but rarely granted in practice.