Retirement Income Tax by Country
Last reviewed: 2026-07-24. Pension tax rules and retiree regimes change with national budgets and treaties — verify with the tax authority and a cross-border adviser before relying on this.
| Country | Pension tax | Foreign pension treatment | Special retiree regime |
|---|---|---|---|
 Costa Rica | Exempt | Not taxed. Costa Rica taxes only Costa Rica-source income under its territorial system; pensions and other income earned or paid from abroad fall outside the tax base regardless of residency status or whether funds are remitted into the country. A 2019 tax reform introduced anti-avoidance/worldwide-style treatment for certain passive income tied to related-party or low-tax-jurisdiction structures; this does not affect a typical foreign retirement pension. | None as a separate tax regime — the 'Pensionado' immigration category (Ley de Migración y Extranjería) requires a certified pension of at least USD 1,000/month for residency purposes but does not itself grant extra tax relief; the pension is already untaxed under the ordinary territorial rule. |
 Georgia | Exempt | Foreign pension income generally falls outside Georgia's individual income tax base under its territorial-taxation administrative practice for natural persons, though Georgian tax residents are nominally within a worldwide-income framework in principle. Multiple sources note the practical outcome for a specific foreign pension can depend on the applicable double-tax treaty with the paying country. UNVERIFIED nuance: sources are not fully consistent on whether the foreign-pension exemption is a clean statutory rule or administrative practice contingent on treaty status — confirm with a Georgia-based tax advisor for a specific home country before publishing as an unqualified 'exempt' claim. | None — no dedicated inbound-retiree visa or tax regime was found; Georgia's other low-tax regimes (e.g., Individual Entrepreneur/Small Business Status at 1%) target business/freelance income, not pensions. |
 Malaysia | Exempt | Not taxed for Malaysian tax residents under the current Foreign-Sourced Income (FSI) exemption for individuals, which multiple sources (including Budget 2026 coverage) report has been extended through 31 December 2036 — covering foreign pension income whether or not it is remitted into Malaysia. (Malaysia's 2022 FSI reform initially tightened rules mainly around companies/certain remitted income; the individual-level exemption has since been repeatedly extended.) Because the FSI exemption for individuals has been extended via periodic government relief measures rather than fixed permanently in statute, its long-term durability beyond 2036 is not guaranteed — flag for readers as a policy subject to change. | None as a distinct tax code — the MM2H (Malaysia My Second Home) visa (Silver/Gold/Platinum tiers since the 2024 revamp) is an immigration/financial-threshold program with no separate tax rules of its own; its retiree tax advantage comes entirely from the general FSI exemption above, which applies to any Malaysian tax resident, not just MM2H holders. |
 Panama | Exempt | Not taxed. Panama operates a territorial income tax system: even full tax residents are taxed only on Panama-source income. Foreign pensions, Social Security, and investment income are excluded entirely from the taxable base, confirmed by multiple tax-advisory sources referencing DGI rules. US citizens/green-card holders remain fully subject to US worldwide taxation and IRS filing (FEIE does not apply to pension/Social Security income) regardless of Panama's territorial exemption. | None as a separate tax regime — the Pensionado visa (Decree Law 3/2008 residency; discounts under Law 6 of 1987, enforced by ACODECO) requires a guaranteed lifetime pension of at least USD 1,000/month (or USD 750 with a USD 100,000+ real-estate purchase) but grants consumer discounts (hotels, restaurants, transport, medical) and one-time import-duty exemptions, not additional tax relief. The pension's tax-free status comes from the general territorial system, not the visa itself. |
 Philippines | Exempt | Not taxed. The Philippines uses a source-based rule under NIRC Sec. 23/25: foreign-source income of a resident alien (the typical status of a retiree, as opposed to a Filipino citizen taxed worldwide) is not subject to Philippine income tax. Multiple legal-commentary sources describe BIR administrative rulings specifically confirming foreign pensions/annuities are exempt whether or not remitted to the Philippines. UNVERIFIED: a specific, citable BIR ruling number for the pension exemption was not pinned down during this research — the description above reflects converging legal/tax-advisory commentary rather than a single official document fetched directly from bir.gov.ph. Confirm with BIR before publishing as an absolute, citation-backed claim. | SRRV (Special Resident Retiree's Visa), administered by the Philippine Retirement Authority, is primarily an immigration program based on a required visa deposit (varying by age/pension amount) rather than a distinct tax code — its pension tax-exemption is essentially the general territorial-source rule applied to a resident-alien retiree, reinforced by BIR rulings, not a unique SRRV-only tax benefit. |
 United Arab Emirates | Exempt | Not taxed. The UAE imposes no personal income tax of any kind at the federal or emirate level, so foreign or domestic pension income is entirely untaxed for residents. Confirmed current as of 2026 — the UAE's 2023 corporate tax and pre-existing VAT do not apply to individual pension/investment income. | None needed — the 0% rate applies uniformly to all residents; 'Retire in Dubai'-style long-term residence visas are immigration programs only, with no distinct tax angle. |
 Uruguay | Exempt | Foreign pension income generally falls outside Uruguay's ordinary IRPF/IRNR taxable base under its source-based treatment of foreign income — distinct from, and broader than, the special capital-income tax holiday described below, which targets foreign investment income specifically, not labor/pension income. UNVERIFIED/CONFLICTING: sources disagree on the exact post-holiday tax treatment of foreign capital income — some describe a flat 12% rate, others a 6% reduced rate for 5 years, and PwC's Worldwide Tax Summaries describes a different fixed-annual-IRPF-amount option (~USD 200,000-300,000/year for 20 years) or a 50%-reduced-rate election for 5 years tied to continued investment. Confirm exact current terms with Uruguay's DGI or a local advisor before publishing a specific percentage. | Inbound tax-residency holiday (most recently reformed by Ley 20.446, the 2025-2029 budget law, effective 1 Jan 2026): new tax residents get an exemption from IRPF/IRNR on foreign-source passive/capital income (dividends, interest, capital gains) for the year residency is obtained plus roughly the following 10 fiscal years (previously marketed as an '11-year' holiday under the pre-2026 rules). Qualification now generally requires ~USD 2 million in real estate investment, ~USD 100,000/year into the National Innovation Fund for the holiday period, or simply 183+ days/year physical presence (no investment required). Existing holiday-holders under the older, lower-threshold rules (~USD 590,000 real estate) are grandfathered. |
 Cyprus | Special regime | Cyprus tax residents receiving a foreign pension can elect ANNUALLY between (a) ordinary progressive personal income tax rates (0%–35%), or (b) a flat 5% rate on foreign pension income exceeding €5,000/year, with the first €5,000 fully exempt (threshold raised from €3,420 to €5,000 effective 1 Jan 2026), under Section 36A of the Income Tax Law. The election can be changed each year to whichever produces the lower bill. This election covers foreign PENSION income specifically. Cyprus separately offers a non-domicile regime exempting dividend and interest income from Special Defence Contribution for up to 17 years — a different, non-pension benefit. | The Section 36A annual 5%-election described above is Cyprus's retiree-pension mechanism; any Cyprus tax resident receiving a foreign pension can use it — no separate visa/investment program is required. |
 Greece | Special regime | Outside the special regime, foreign pension income is taxed as ordinary income at Greece's standard progressive rates. Under the special regime, qualifying new residents pay a flat 7% on ALL foreign-source income, including pensions. Only foreign-source income benefits from the 7% rate — Greek-source income is taxed under normal progressive rules. This is distinct from Greece's broader non-dom (HNWI) regime aimed at non-pension high earners. | Flat 7% tax on all foreign-source income (pensions, dividends, interest, foreign rental, capital gains) for individuals transferring tax residence to Greece, provided they were not Greek tax resident in 5 of the prior 6 years and move from a country with a tax administrative-cooperation agreement with Greece. Valid for up to 15 tax years; requires >183 days/year presence in Greece; tax due in one lump sum by end of July each year; application filed with AADE by March 31, decided within 60 days. |
 Italy | Special regime | Outside the special regime, foreign pensions are taxed as ordinary income under Italy's progressive IRPEF rates (roughly 23%–43% plus regional/municipal add-ons). Under the special regime, qualifying foreign pensioners pay a flat 7% substitute tax on ALL foreign-source income, including pensions. The option can be revoked, ending the benefit prospectively. Confirmed directly on Agenzia delle Entrate's official page for the regime. | Optional flat 7% substitute tax ('regime opzionale per i pensionati esteri') on all foreign-source income for individuals who receive a foreign pension, were not Italian tax resident in the 5 years before the move, and relocate to a municipality with population under 30,000 (raised from 20,000 as of April 2026) in Sicily, Calabria, Sardinia, Campania, Basilicata, Abruzzo, Molise or Puglia. Valid for 9 consecutive tax years, non-renewable; elected via the tax return for the year of transfer. |
 New Zealand | Special regime | Once any transitional-resident exemption period (below) has ended, foreign pension income is taxed under ordinary worldwide-income rules at marginal rates, same as any other New Zealand tax resident. Foreign employment income and foreign personal-service income are NOT covered by the transitional exemption and remain taxable even during the 4-year window. | Transitional resident exemption (IRD): new migrants (and returning New Zealanders) who have not been NZ tax resident in the prior 10 years automatically qualify for up to 48 months (4 years) of exemption on most foreign passive income, explicitly including foreign pension income, foreign dividends/interest, foreign rental income, and overseas capital gains. It applies automatically (no application needed), can only be used once per person, and ends early if, e.g., the individual claims Working for Families Tax Credits. |
 Turkey | Special regime | Turkish tax residents are generally taxed on worldwide income, including foreign pensions, at progressive rates (2026 brackets approximately 15%/20%/27%/35%/40%). However, Law No. 7582 (passed 21 May 2026, gazetted 4 June 2026, retroactive to residents from 1 Jan 2026) introduces a 20-year income tax exemption for foreign-source income and capital gains — which on its face appears to cover foreign pension income — for individuals with no Turkish tax domicile/liability in the 3 calendar years before becoming Turkish tax resident. Exempted foreign income is excluded from the Turkish return, but no related expense deductions or foreign-tax credits can be claimed against it. This law is very recently enacted (mid-2026); its practical application to ordinary foreign pension income specifically (as opposed to investment/business income) has not been extensively tested and implementing regulations may still evolve — verify current scope with GİB (Gelir İdaresi Başkanlığı) or a Turkish tax advisor before relying on it. Absent this regime, ordinary progressive taxation applies to foreign pensions for Turkish tax residents. | 20-year foreign-source income tax exemption under Law No. 7582 (GVK Mükerrer Madde 20/D) — a general new-resident/investor incentive, not retiree-specific, available to individuals without Turkish tax residence in the prior 3 years. |
 Colombia | Partial | Taxed in principle under Colombia's worldwide-income system for tax residents (183+ days in any 365-day period), but a 2024 pension reform (Ley 2381 de 2024), confirmed in PwC's Worldwide Tax Summaries, extended Colombia's long-standing domestic pension-income exemption to foreign pensions: exempt up to 1,000 UVT per month (1 UVT = COP 52,347 for FY2026, so roughly COP 52.3 million, approximately USD 14,000/month, exempt). Amounts above that monthly threshold are taxed at ordinary progressive rates (0% to 39%). The ~USD 14,000/month figure is an approximate FX conversion of the COP/UVT threshold at time of research and will drift with exchange rates and annual UVT indexation — treat as illustrative, not a fixed dollar figure. The exemption applies ONLY to pension income; foreign rental, investment, and capital-gains income remain fully taxable under ordinary worldwide rules for residents. | None as a dedicated visa-linked tax regime — Colombia's 'Pensionado' migrant visa category is an immigration program (income-threshold based) separate from the tax exemption above, which applies to any Colombian tax resident receiving pension income, not just Pensionado-visa holders. |
 Ireland | Partial | Irish tax residents who are Irish-domiciled are taxed on worldwide pension income on an arising basis at Ireland's standard progressive rates (20%/40%) plus USC. Irish tax residents who are NOT Irish-domiciled (the common case for many inbound retirees) can use the remittance basis: foreign pension income is taxed in Ireland only if/when actually remitted into Ireland; income kept abroad is untaxed. Treatment varies by pension type — e.g. under the Ireland–US treaty, US Social Security paid to an Irish resident is taxable only in Ireland (not the US) and is taxed on an arising basis, not eligible for the remittance basis. A €1 million deemed-remittance anti-avoidance charge (from 2024) can apply to very long-term non-doms (roughly 15+ years' residence) on large unremitted foreign income — a narrow edge case, not typical for ordinary retirees. Treaty treatment varies significantly by pension type and source country. | None as a dedicated named 'retiree' scheme — the general non-domicile remittance basis (available to any non-Irish-domiciled tax resident, not retiree-specific) is the main mechanism reducing tax on unremitted foreign pension income. |
 Malta | Partial | Malta operates a remittance-basis system for non-domiciled residents: foreign pension income kept outside Malta is not taxed at all; foreign pension income remitted to Malta is taxed. Outside the Malta Retirement Programme, remitted foreign pension is taxed at Malta's standard progressive rates (0%–35%). Non-remitted foreign income/gains are untaxed in Malta even outside MRP, due to the general non-dom remittance basis. MRP is EU/EEA/Swiss-only; non-EU retirees typically use a different scheme (e.g., Global Residence Programme) — verify current eligibility with the Malta Tax and Customs Administration. | Malta Retirement Programme (MRP): a flat 15% tax on foreign pension income remitted to Malta (double-tax relief available), subject to a minimum annual tax liability of €7,500 (plus €500 per dependent). Requires the pension to be at least 75% of chargeable income, applicant not in employment, EU/EEA/Swiss nationality, and property purchase (from €275,000, or €220,000 in Gozo/South Malta) or rental (from €9,600/year, or €8,750 in Gozo/South Malta), comprehensive private health insurance, and no more than 183 days in any other single jurisdiction per year. |
 Mauritius | Partial | Mauritius taxes residents' worldwide income, but for foreign-source income (including pensions) it applies a remittance basis: per PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries, income derived outside Mauritius is 'taxable only to the extent that it is received in Mauritius.' Pension kept in an offshore account and not remitted is generally untaxed; once remitted it is taxed at progressive rates (0% to MUR 500,000; 10% on the next 500,000; 20% above that), plus a 15% 'Fair Share Contribution' surtax on net income over MUR 12 million/year (2025-2028). Actual outcome also depends on the applicable double-tax treaty with the pension-paying country. The Premium Visa (for remote workers/long-stay visitors) is a different, non-tax-resident-track permit and not the same as the Retired Non-Citizen permit. Confirm current MRA guidance and any relevant DTA before publishing specific figures. | None distinct for the standard Retired Non-Citizen residence permit (10-year, renewable) beyond the general remittance-basis rule above. A separately marketed 'PDS Senior Living' retirement scheme is reported (by property-developer sources, not MRA) to offer a 5-year income-tax holiday on remitted income for qualifying residents — unverified against MRA directly. |
 Mexico | Partial | Mexican tax residents (183+ days/year) are nominally taxed on worldwide income at progressive rates (up to ~35%), but treaty allocation matters heavily. Under the US-Mexico tax treaty (a commonly cited example), Article 19 gives the paying country exclusive taxing rights over government pensions/Social Security, so US Social Security is typically NOT taxed by Mexico for Mexican residents; Article 18 assigns private pension/IRA/401(k) distributions to the country of residence (Mexico), taxable there with a US foreign tax credit available. Retirees whose home country has no equivalent treaty face full worldwide taxation on pension income with no such carve-out. US citizens must still file and report worldwide income to the IRS regardless of Mexican tax treatment. Treaty terms vary by home country — do not assume the US treaty's Article 19/18 split applies to other nationalities. | None — no dedicated inbound-retiree tax regime exists in Mexico. |
 Montenegro | Partial | Montenegro taxes residents on worldwide income in principle, with a tiered structure on salary-type income (0% up to €700/month, 9% on €700–€1,000, 15% above €1,000, plus local rates). However, sources disagree on whether/how foreign PENSION income specifically is captured: the Personal Income Tax Law's commonly cited taxable categories (employment, business/professional, investment income, immovable property income) do not clearly enumerate foreign pensions as a distinct taxable category in the summaries reviewed, and several retiree-focused sources describe foreign pensions as commonly untaxed or lightly enforced in practice. THIS IS UNVERIFIED against Montenegrin primary legislation. UNVERIFIED — conflicting claims from secondary/marketing sources about whether and how foreign pensions are taxed for Montenegrin residents. Do not publish a specific rate for foreign pension income without confirming directly against the Personal Income Tax Law text or with Poreska uprava. | No dedicated retiree tax regime was found. (Montenegro's 'Startup Visa' 50% income-tax-reduction scheme targets entrepreneurs, not retirees; there is no dedicated retirement visa or pension-specific tax program.) |
 South Africa | Partial | Nominally worldwide taxation applies to SA tax residents, but two Income Tax Act carve-outs remove most typical retiree pension income from the tax base: s10(1)(gC)(ii) exempts foreign pensions, annuities, and lump sums attributable to PAST FOREIGN EMPLOYMENT; s10(1)(gC)(i) separately exempts foreign social-security-type benefits. Personal/private annuities NOT connected to past employment fall outside these exemptions and are taxable as part of worldwide income. National Treasury proposed repealing the s10(1)(gC)(ii) employment-pension exemption in 2025 (to address 'double non-taxation' cases) but withdrew the proposal after public pushback; as of 2026 the exemption remains in force, though SARS has stepped up compliance scrutiny and reporting requirements on offshore pensions even where the exemption applies — flag this as a politically contested area that could change. | None as a dedicated visa-linked tax regime — the exemptions above apply to any SA tax resident meeting the statutory conditions, not to a specific retiree visa category. |
 Thailand | Partial | Foreign-source pension/retirement income is taxed when remitted to Thailand by a tax resident (183+ days/year), under Revenue Department Instruction Por.161/2566 (effective 1 Jan 2024), which made ALL foreign-sourced income remitted to Thailand assessable regardless of the year it was earned — reversing the prior rule that only same-year remittances were taxable. A companion instruction, Por.162/2566, grandfathers foreign income/savings that existed before 1 Jan 2024, so pre-2024 pension savings remitted later remain exempt. Government-service pensions are often protected from Thai tax under the 'government service' article of Thailand's bilateral tax treaties (e.g., with the US, UK, Australia) — treaty-specific, verify per home country. As of mid-2026, secondary tax-advisory sources report that a proposed further overhaul (a worldwide-income basis, or a remittance-timing exemption window) has been discussed but not enacted into law — Por.161/162 remain the operative rules. This status was not independently confirmed against the Revenue Department's own English-language site during this research and should be re-checked before publishing. | None — the Non-Immigrant O-A/O-X retirement visas are immigration-only programs and carry no separate tax code; the general remittance-basis rule above applies to all tax residents equally. |
 Australia | Taxed | Taxed. Australian tax residents must declare most foreign pensions and annuities as assessable income at marginal rates, even if tax was withheld at source in the paying country (a foreign income tax offset is available to prevent double taxation). A narrow exception: a foreign superannuation lump sum is treated as tax-free, non-assessable non-exempt income if transferred within 6 months of the individual becoming an Australian resident (or within 6 months of termination of the foreign employment, if later). | None targeted specifically at retirees beyond the 6-month foreign-super-transfer window above; classification of an overseas retirement arrangement as a genuine 'foreign superannuation fund' versus a 'foreign trust' materially changes tax treatment, and the ATO recommends a Private Binding Ruling for complex cases. |
 Canada | Taxed | Taxed. Canadian tax residents are taxed on worldwide income, including foreign pension/retirement-plan income, at marginal rates — both periodic payments and lump-sum withdrawals are generally taxable and reported on Line 11500 of the T1 return, even if not taxable in the source country. Double taxation is mitigated via foreign tax credits or specific treaty provisions; for example, Article XVIII of the Canada-US Tax Treaty provides that US-sourced pensions/annuities paid to a Canadian resident are generally taxable in Canada (with US withholding tax creditable). Bilateral treaty provisions take precedence over general CRA administrative policy on pension taxation, so treatment can vary meaningfully by country of pension origin. | None — no federal inbound-retiree tax regime; ordinary worldwide-income rules and treaty/foreign-tax-credit relief apply to everyone equally. |
 Croatia | Taxed | Croatian tax residents are taxed on worldwide income. Foreign pensions received by residents are taxed the same way as domestic pension/employment-type income under Croatia's progressive national bands (a lower and a higher rate, roughly 20%/30% nationally), unless a bilateral tax treaty assigns taxing rights to the source country. Since 2024, the old flat municipal surtax was replaced by a flexible local rate set by each municipality (an additional 0%–15%/18%), so the effective combined rate depends on where in Croatia the retiree resides. The exact income threshold separating the two national bands is reported inconsistently across secondary sources (~€50,400 vs ~€60,000) — confirm the current-year figure and local surtax rate with Porezna uprava before citing a precise number. Under most of Croatia's tax treaties, pensions are taxed only in the recipient's state of residence unless the treaty specifies otherwise. | None. Croatia has no dedicated flat-rate or exemption regime for inbound foreign retirees. |
 France | Taxed | France taxes residents on worldwide income, including foreign pensions, generally at progressive rates (0%–45% across 2026 income bands). Depending on the applicable bilateral tax treaty, foreign pension income may instead be exempt in France but counted for the 'progressivity' calculation on other French-taxed income, or a foreign tax credit may apply. Government-service pensions are commonly taxable only in the paying (source) state under many French treaties. Social charges (CSG/CRDS) can also apply to pension income depending on the recipient's health-system affiliation and treaty/EU-coordination status; EU/EEA/Swiss retirees covered by another state's health system (holding form S1) are typically exempt from some of these levies. Foreign-source income is reported on Form 2047 alongside the main return. | None. France has no dedicated flat-rate or exemption regime targeted at inbound foreign retirees. |
 Germany | Taxed | German tax residents are taxed on worldwide income, including foreign pensions, at Germany's geometrically progressive rates (up to 42%, with 45% on very high incomes in 2025/2026). Under most German tax treaties, double taxation is avoided by exempting the foreign pension from German tax while using it to set the rate applied to German-source income (Progressionsvorbehalt) rather than a straightforward exemption. Government-service pensions are commonly reserved to the source state under many German treaties; for example, since 2008 the US–Germany treaty gives Germany exclusive taxing rights over German-source pensions paid to US residents. Germany's own state pension (Deutsche Rentenversicherung) paid to someone living abroad is a separate, outbound scenario governed by German limited-tax-liability rules, not the foreign-pension-into-Germany case covered here. Treaty outcomes vary significantly by pension type and country — verify with BZSt or a German tax advisor. | None. Germany has no special flat-rate or exemption regime targeted at inbound foreign retirees. |
 Portugal | Taxed | For residents not under a special regime, foreign pensions are ordinary taxable income at progressive IRS rates (12.5%–48% across 2026 brackets), plus a solidarity surcharge (2.5% on income over €80,000, 5% over €250,000). Treaty rules may reserve taxation of government-service pensions to the paying state. Retirees who registered for the old NHR before it closed to new entrants may still be grandfathered into the 10% flat rate on foreign pensions for the remainder of their original 10-year window; this does not apply to new arrivals. Verify current-year bracket thresholds with Autoridade Tributária. | IFICI ('NHR 2.0'), in force since 2024, replaced the old NHR regime — but unlike old NHR (which taxed foreign pensions at a flat 10%), IFICI explicitly EXCLUDES pension income from its benefits. IFICI offers only a 20% flat rate on Portuguese-source employment/self-employment income in qualifying scientific, tech, R&D, healthcare or green-energy roles; pensions get no special rate under the current regime. |
 Spain | Taxed | Foreign pensions are included in the general taxable base and taxed at progressive IRPF rates combining state and regional scales (roughly 19%–47%, higher in some autonomous communities on top brackets), the same treatment as Spanish-source pensions. Under Spain's tax treaties (e.g., with the UK), private/occupational pensions are generally taxable in the state of residence (Spain), while government-service pensions are typically taxable only in the source state; foreign tax paid may be creditable. Verify treaty text for the specific source country. | None. Spain has no dedicated flat-rate or exemption regime for inbound retirees. (Spain's 'Beckham Law' special expat regime targets employment/self-employment income and does not cover pension income, so retirees cannot use it.) |
 United States | Taxed | Taxed. US citizens, green-card holders, and other US tax residents are taxed on worldwide pension/retirement income regardless of country of residence, because the US taxes based on citizenship/residency status, not physical location. Social Security benefits are only partially taxable, based on 'combined/provisional income' thresholds: below $25,000 (single)/$32,000 (married filing jointly) — 0% taxable; $25,000-$34,000 single / $32,000-$44,000 joint — up to 50% taxable; above those upper thresholds — up to 85% taxable. Other pension/401(k)/IRA distributions are generally fully taxable at ordinary rates, subject to any applicable tax treaty. Nonresident aliens receiving US Social Security face a flat 30% withholding on 85% of benefits unless a treaty reduces it. The Social Security taxability dollar thresholds above are NOT indexed for inflation and have been fixed since the 1980s/1993, so they capture more retirees' benefits over time. The Foreign Earned Income Exclusion generally does not apply to pension/Social Security income since it is not 'earned' income. | None — no separate federal inbound-retiree tax regime; some individual US states offer their own retirement-income tax breaks, which is out of scope for a country-level comparison. |
Reading this matrix
- Taxed = worldwide pension income taxed as ordinary income for residents. Exempt = foreign pension income not taxed. Partial = only some pension types or portions are taxed. Special regime = a concessionary inbound-retiree scheme materially changes the outcome.
- Treaties override. A double-taxation agreement can assign the taxing right on a private or government pension to the source country regardless of the residence-country default here.
- Social-charge and healthcare levies on pensions vary and are noted per row where material — they can matter as much as the headline income-tax rate.
See also: Tax residency triggers · Totalization treaties · Tax calculator.